5 Sentences Saved by Em Dashes

5 Sentences Saved by Em Dashes 5 Sentences Saved by Em Dashes 5 Sentences Saved by Em Dashes By Mark Nichol Sentential adverbs (words such as indeed or namely and phrases like â€Å"that is† and â€Å"of course†), and their close cousins the conjunctive adverbs, or adverbial conjunctions (however, â€Å"on the other hand,† and the like), indicate an interruption of thought, and should themselves appear as interruptions. Because they are parenthetical remarks (the framing sentence would be complete without them), they should be set off by commas: â€Å"You must, after all, admit that it was a good effort.† If they are employed to indicate a new thought, stronger punctuation is called for: â€Å"They are highly skilled; however, they do not possess the level of knowledge you do.† (In each case, the adverb could also appear at the end of the sentence after a comma.) Often, though, the interruption in sentence structure is somewhere between comma country and semicolon stature: The phrase that begins with the adverb is something more than a dependent clause but not quite an independent clause. In these cases, the linking function of an em dash is appropriate: 1. â€Å"I thank them for putting up with this project with such good sportsmanship, indeed with such exuberance.† The phrase beginning with indeed is tacked on to the basic sentence to provide an additional, loosely related thought. Note the shift with an em dash, and follow the adverb with a comma to mark elision of a repetition of the phrase â€Å"for putting up with†: â€Å"I thank them for putting up with this project with such good sportsmanship indeed, with such exuberance.† 2. â€Å"There is a job to be done, namely educating educators how to effectively teach that wildlife conservation addresses quality of life for everyone.† The phrase that follows â€Å"There is a job to be done† is an explanation of what is meant by that phrase. The traditional marker for explanation is a colon, but an em dash does just as well. Again, set the adverb off with a comma: â€Å"There is a job to be done namely, educating educators how to effectively teach that wildlife conservation addresses quality of life for everyone.† (Without the comma, the sentence seems to refer to â€Å"namely educating educators,† but how do you do something in a namely manner?) 3. â€Å"They may also be judicially voided for being unreasonable, that is, unsupported by the evidence claimed to justify them.† A colon is often employed to set off a sentence from a subsequent clarification, but the adverb and the fact that the clarification is an incomplete sentence justifies use of an em dash here: â€Å"They may also be judicially voided for being unreasonable that is, unsupported by the evidence claimed to justify them.† 4. â€Å"Furthermore, a scientific conclusion is based on the past, i.e. previous studies that lead to present conclusions.† The initials i.e. (an abbreviation for id est, Latin for â€Å"that is†) gives you a clue that this sentence can be treated identically to the previous example. Note, however, that just as you follow â€Å"that is† with a comma, set i.e. (and the similar e.g., which means â€Å"for example†) off from the following phrase: â€Å"Furthermore, a scientific conclusion is based on the past i.e., previous studies that lead to present conclusions.† 5. â€Å"Ethics, on the other hand, is future oriented, that is to say a present choice is based on a future desire, intent, or consequence.† This sentence contains two adverbial phrases: â€Å"on the other hand,† and â€Å"that is to say.† The first one, a simple parenthetical phrase, need not concern us, but the latter is an expanded version of â€Å"that is† and needs the same treatment as the short form: â€Å"Ethics, on the other hand, is future oriented that is to say, a present choice is based on a future desire, intent, or consequence.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with HeartTry to vs. Try andStarting a Business Letter with Dear Mr.

Savoir Is About Certainty, So No French Subjunctive

Savoir Is About Certainty, So No French Subjunctive The French verb  savoir (to know) does not take the subjunctive. Very often used with que  to introduce a dependent clause, savoir and savoir que are all about certainty. Thus, they do not fulfill the subjunctives basic requirement of uncertainty and emotion. The subjunctive  mood  is used to express actions or ideas that are subjective or otherwise uncertain: will/wanting, emotion, doubt, possibility, necessity, judgment. The French subjunctive  is nearly always found in dependent clauses introduced by  que  or  qui, and the subjects of the dependent and main clauses are usually different. Savoir Savoir  means to know information and facts or to know how to do something. In the  passà © composà ©,  savoir  means to learn or to find out, again with no  subjunctive. (The verb  is quite different from the French verb  connaà ®tre,  which means  to know  a person or to be familiar with a person or thing.)      Je sais oà ¹ il est.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I know where he is.      Je sais  conduire.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I know how to drive.  Ã‚  Ã‚  (The conjugated  savoir  is followed by an infinitive when the meaning is to know how.) Savoir Que Savoir que is the conjugated savoir  plus a dependent clause beginning with que.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je sais quil la fait.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I know he did it.      Jai su quil la fait.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I found out that he did it. Savoir que is not normally used in negative and interrogative statements; its far more natural to use a  si clause in such cases, which means, once again, that the  subjunctive is not used:      Je ne sais pas si vous avez raison.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I dont know if youre right.      Sais-tu sil a raison ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you know if hes right? Additional Resources The Subjunctivator!Quiz: Subjunctive or indicative?Conjugate savoir

Conference and banqueting management Assignment

Conference and banqueting management - Assignment Example The emergence of banqueting and conference sector has resulted in the generation of huge employment in the entire U.K. The scope of hospitality industry in U.K. is very high. It has been recorded that the UK hospitality sector has generated employment for more than 1.6 million people. In Britain the hospitality industries play a crucial role towards the growth of employment as it is the third largest sector that provides employment. Most of the places in UK are also famous tourist spots and this factor attracts many people to the countries. The hotel and banqueting sector has helped to receive foreign capitals from tourists and business owners. It is clear that conference and banqueting companies have great advantages but there are some issues that are affecting the sustainability of the sector in UK. For example, the Venice Carnival has resulted in the increase of the level of pollution in the lagoons and the Adriatic Sea. The traffic and crowd control has increased the expenses of the government drastically. This factor has affected the banqueting business as government has initiated policies to protect the environment and water and reduce the pollution level by imposing some restrictions on people and banqueting businesses. Most of the catering companies act as a third party to the hotels and the restaurants. The catering companies also allow their employees to participate in events organized in hotels or private get-togethers and parties. In the modern world the catering business has received huge attention from people because the catering companies are easy to hire and they are capable of performing high standard service for costumers. Conference and banqueting managers and assistants offer their service to every customer during the progression of events and private functions such as parties, weddings, dinners, business functions, trainings, product launches and presentations. The business organizations prefer to hire the banqueting

E coli growth curve Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E coli growth curve - Lab Report Example Growth depends on several environmental factors and we analyzed with the affect of pH on the growth curve for the population since pH is an important factor for microbial growth (Rousk et al, 2009). It is known that the optimal pH conditions for E.coli is around 7 and therefore a decrease in the pH would alter the normal growth pattern and lead to reduction in the growth rate of the bacterial population. For this experiment we took 2 flasks filled with LB. In one of the flasks 20ml of E.coli culture was transferred and this flask was marked as CONTROL and incubated . To test the affect pH had on the bacterial growth curve, we made the broth acidic in nature and this flask was marked EXPERIMENTAL. This flask was also incubated. At regular intervals of 20 minutes spectrophotometric readings were taken of both the CONTROL as well as the EXPERIMENTAL at 660nm. We see that the doubling time for both the cultures is not same and this is because the rate of growth has been affected in some way. The resulst show that the doubling time for CONTROL is about 41 minutes while that for the EXPERIMENTAL is 277.25 minutes. Analyzing both the data it is seen that the EXPERIMENTAL culture does not go through all the phases because of the altered pH conditions and drastic reduction in the rate of growth. Another reason is that time restrictions did not allow the cultures to be observed through all the expected phases. The CONTROL was absolutely necessary to understand what affect modified pH had on the same E.coli. This comparison between the CONTROLand EXPERIMENT shows that when the pH factor is differed the growth is reduced and rate of growth is also reduced. This also proves the fact that microbes requires an optimal pH in which they can grow without inhibition. Microbial growth is of major concern for public health (Roszak and Colwell, 1987, p.365). Since experimental evidence show the

What is Nursing Theory and why do we need it Article

What is Nursing Theory and why do we need it - Article Example It can also be a set of principles based on a subject (OAD 1980). When we put it together with the nursing field, theory is a set of ideas and principles by which a nurse determines how to view the patient and determine the best solution for the patient. However, there are a number of theories in nursing and all of them are relevant to some aspect of the nursing field and how one can make decisions. Ultimately, while these are meant to be meaningful and relevant, they must also be understood in how they affect the practice of nursing as well as aspects of nursing research, management and administration, and also in nursing education (McEwan and Wills 2010). Initially, nursing was considered more as a series of functions and tasks that were assigned initially by a doctor dictating what needed to be done to a patient, rather than a careful series of thought processes conducted by the nurse in regards to the state of the patient. As more people, usually women, became involved in nursing whether through a concentrated study of medicine, or through environmental circumstances (war), the idea of nursing became more of a career calling or profession which is now well-respected in nearly every community because of the good outcomes from what nurses do for society (McEwan and Wills 2010). It wasn’t until the 20th century that those in nursing began thinking more about the structures of the nursing profession and the principles behind how nurses operated and approached their work with patients. Hildegard Peplau was one of the first writers to publish her theory work Interpersonal Relations in Nursing in 1952. Her work was initially delayed because she was not publishing in conjunction with a medical practitioner which was standard at that time (Lakeman, 1999). This work was influenced by Harry Stack Sullivan’s theory of interpersonal relations

Importance of context

Importance of context Importance of Context For me context is the key from that comes the understanding of everything (K. Noland) Word context, taking its roots back from Latin contextus, is defined as the set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event or situation. Context is an essential part of our everyday lives, it plays a key role in creating the right meaning in every form of communication between the source and its recipient. These include everything ranging from a simple newspaper article to most unusual examples of high art. Film is also an art, even though, a very young one, but the complexity of cinema makes it directly related to knowledge of different types of context. In this essay I will engage with these types of context, film theory context and socio-historical context in particular, to try to prove how vital it is to understand the importance of context in the art of cinema. To achieve this, I chose to built the arguments upon the work of one of the most unusual and difficult filmmakers of the past generation, Andrei Tarkovsky. Inscription on his gravestone reads: â€Å"To the man who saw the angel†. Andrei Tarkovsky was considered a classic, who brought so much to the culture of cinema, that his visions and way of thinking became part of human mind. Ingmar Bergman, in one of his interviews, said: â€Å"Tarkovsky is for me the greatest, the one who invented a new language, true to the nature of film, as it captures life as a reflection, life as a dream†. And personally, this is absolutely true. His films are much above any other film of his time, they are rich with content, detail and hidden meaning much like Beethovens music or Da Vincis paintings, but from our century. He raised the art of cinema to a level which was only achieved in art like music or literature. Perhaps the most noticeable films Tarkovsky has ever worked on are Solaris (1972) and Stalker (1979). Although two films were seen as an improvement of one another, due to similarity of the problem, they both are incredibly different in terms of context. While Stalker is linked with unique film theory, as well as socio-historical events in Soviet Union, Solaris engages with almost every single film theory existent in that particular decade. Contextualising these two films will help the viewer to see them from different perspective and to understand beyond narrative meaning. Generally speaking, most common type of context used in Tarkovskys films is autobiographical.   In every his picture he managed to include small part of his personal life, part of his childhood. However Solaris seems to have inherited the least amount of Tarkovskys autobiography, probably because it was outshone by one astounding historical event whole world was talking about first man in space. Man who did it (Yuri Gagarin) was Russian, what soon had become a huge pride for then strong and growing Soviet Union, it also highly influenced the thematic element of Solaris, however, it didnt become the main focus of the motion picture. Tarkovskys vision was unique, he never tried to show all the scientific facts behind the journey to space, he focused on human spirit, which was present in different forms, elements, memories of Earth throughout the spaceship. He also didnt try to portray the people of future, it was enough for him, that they are still very same humans. Deep space journey was just a symbol for the same journey to the very soul of a man for him. Despite his arguments with the author of the book film was based on, Stanislaw Lem, Tarkovsky changed the original script by adding a small melancholic sequence of main character spending some time on Earth, wandering around his fathers â€Å"dacha†, himself, and the camera, in the very beginning of the film. This is where knowledge of film theory context steps in. Only semiotics and psychoanalytical theories can explain those tiny little details director showed in this episode, which, if stood on its own, wouldnt make much sense. Those who did not realise the importance of theories involved were saying that nothing was happening in this Earth scene, but no, it is life, in its brightest colors and purest form, that happened there. With this small and innocent episode Tarkovsky managed to show some sort of physical completeness of Earths being: sound of rain, morning voice of birds, living flame, his fathers house, full of memories and family photographs. Everything that is lef t unnoticed when it is present, and becomes painfully important when it is gone. He managed to show how beautiful and comfortable Earth really is, compared to huge cold cosmos. Long takes and mis-en-scenes are also pushing the picture in the direction of realism theory, while surrealistic problem of contact with a giant developing mind, which happens to be the Ocean, creates a juxtaposed contextualisation. Memories, dreams, symbols, signs, oppositions and metaphors they all form semiotics and psychoanalytical theories, and they are all dominant in Tarkovskys pictures. His heroes were artists or seekers, as well as fatherless children, abandoned houses, which, in Russian folklore, are opposed to the forest (where devils reign), were often shown as central images, combination of elements (water, fire, wind and nature) were always present, treatment of light, face reflections, nature sounds, juxtaposed images and of course art are all Tarkovskian â€Å"signatures†. All these theories are also present in Stalker, however this film is more famous of having a wider range of socio-biographical and socio-historical influences. By the end of the decade picture was made in, age of advanced Soviet socialism saw its end, and so called stagnation period of Soviet Union had begun. Remains of Stalinism were also present, followed by Siberian imprisonment for artists who showed their artistic freedom too much. Freedom of speech was also absent. To make it clearer, society was afraid and had problems with belief and hope; these have also become problems of Stalker. But for Tarkovsky, the relationship of the individual to history is central. Not just in Stalker, but in most of his pictures, Tarkovsky tends to address our feelings, rather than provoke need to verify the logic and credibility of the events behind the screen. â€Å"Highly visceral responses in the viewer, instead of triggering ideas meant to support a particular attitude toward society and hist ory† is what moved Tarkovsky in creating Stalker. Three protagonists: writer, professor and stalker all are subject to pervasive individual sense of Soviet history. One of them seeks inspiration, another looks for a discovery, and the last one is in search of hope. All three are lead into some mysterious room, located in the heart of so called â€Å"Zone†. The Zone is heavily guarded, and perhaps was named after a nuclear leak which happened in that decade of Soviet Unions history. Tarkovsky in his book â€Å"Sculpting In Time† wrote: †People have often asked me what The Zone is, and what it symbolises The Zone doesnt symbolize anything, any more than anything else does in my films: the zone is a zone, its life†. This mysterious place is used to represent hope and belief for those who seek for it. Without belief, the this room does not exist, and the phenomenon they are looking for is also nothing but an empty space. Because of this Tarkovsky wisely avoids any physical contact with this phenomenon. None of the three protagonists have actually seen the mysterious room, so they come back from their journey with nothing. This allows all kinds of different meanings and understandings to be assigned for The Zone individually in the complexity of the directors vision. Perhaps it wasnt so important for Tarkovsky to show how writer could find an inspiration or professor would find a discovery, most probably he wanted to show the audience how to stand for something you believe in with all your heart. Even when every single shot of his picture represented bitterness of soviet authority and lack of both creative and artistic freedom, Tarkovsky tried to revive the hope, hope and expectations people had of Soviet government, which let them down. Although to achieve this the director used elements of not so common oneiric film theory. In its context, all dreams and dreamlike impacts in Stalker become engaging for the viewer. Encouraged to look for the hidden meaning, beneath the narrative, audience understands the events in its own reflection. This oneirism is created by using lengthy tracking shots and chromatic rendition, opposed to Eisensteins montage, what is described in Tarkovskys book: â€Å"the film image comes into being during shooting and exists within the frame, while editing brings together shots which are already filled with time†. In addition, decelerated and dedramatized still shots also contribute to such dreamlike mood. That is noticeable in a scene, where all three protagonists sit in one of the Zones chambers, disappointed by realizing that the place they were searching for is not â€Å"the room where everybodys most heartfelt desire will be granted†. By using dreams Tarkovsky attempts to â⠂¬Å"reach into our innermost feelings, to remind us, stirring our souls like a revelation that is impossible to interpret in any particular way†. Dreamlike shots create their own narrative stalkers changing desire to escape from something dictatorial, brutal into something else, where there is place for freedom. Andrei Tarkovsky wasnt the man of science or logic, he always tried to make contact through his films with the audiences innermost feelings, emotions and soul. Perhaps this isnt exactly the way understanding of certain context works, because it is more related to logic and structure, but try to imagine how different would both of these pictures look like if there was no historical background behind them, or no film theory support to their complex nature. Solaris and Stalker, both are exceptional and unique films which have secured themselves a strong place in film history and will be discussed for ages. It would have been impossible for them to achieve this, without acknowledging the importance of context. Why else would Solaris be based in space? What could have been the reason for Stalkers repulsive landscapes? How else would dreams be interpreted without oneiric theory? Or why would there be so many   sign and symbols if there was no semiotic or psychoanalytical theory? Fro m acknowledging this comes the understanding of how important context really is. Especially nowadays, where every form of art and even media is based around the events happening around the world, understanding different types of context has become vital, not just for magnificent directors like Tarkovsky, but for every single human being.

Essay --

From 1820-1920 approximately 34 million persons immigrated to America and about three-fourthsof them stayed. They came for many different reasons, to escape violence, to find new hope, or to chase the "America Dream." This caused many things to develop and change throughout America. This mass immigration was possible because of the "endless" western territory but now in 2011 the "endless" territory has run out. Government should work to limit immigration to an extent. Although immigrants strengthen American society by creating different cultures and increasing the work force but it must be limited because America cannot afford to be a nation of mostly immigrants. If left unchecked there would be overcrowding, an insufficient amount of jobs, and many racial conflicts but if stopped completely there would be a loss in culture, there would be an increase in illegal immigration, and it wouldn't be moral. There needs to be a balance in between the two with some guidelines. If we left immigration unchecked we would be overcrowding because there would be so many people trying to get jobs in... Essay -- From 1820-1920 approximately 34 million persons immigrated to America and about three-fourthsof them stayed. They came for many different reasons, to escape violence, to find new hope, or to chase the "America Dream." This caused many things to develop and change throughout America. This mass immigration was possible because of the "endless" western territory but now in 2011 the "endless" territory has run out. Government should work to limit immigration to an extent. Although immigrants strengthen American society by creating different cultures and increasing the work force but it must be limited because America cannot afford to be a nation of mostly immigrants. If left unchecked there would be overcrowding, an insufficient amount of jobs, and many racial conflicts but if stopped completely there would be a loss in culture, there would be an increase in illegal immigration, and it wouldn't be moral. There needs to be a balance in between the two with some guidelines. If we left immigration unchecked we would be overcrowding because there would be so many people trying to get jobs in...